(*********************************************************************** Mathematica-Compatible Notebook This notebook can be used on any computer system with Mathematica 3.0, MathReader 3.0, or any compatible application. The data for the notebook starts with the line of stars above. To get the notebook into a Mathematica-compatible application, do one of the following: * Save the data starting with the line of stars above into a file with a name ending in .nb, then open the file inside the application; * Copy the data starting with the line of stars above to the clipboard, then use the Paste menu command inside the application. Data for notebooks contains only printable 7-bit ASCII and can be sent directly in email or through ftp in text mode. Newlines can be CR, LF or CRLF (Unix, Macintosh or MS-DOS style). NOTE: If you modify the data for this notebook not in a Mathematica- compatible application, you must delete the line below containing the word CacheID, otherwise Mathematica-compatible applications may try to use invalid cache data. For more information on notebooks and Mathematica-compatible applications, contact Wolfram Research: web: http://www.wolfram.com email: info@wolfram.com phone: +1-217-398-0700 (U.S.) Notebook reader applications are available free of charge from Wolfram Research. ***********************************************************************) (*CacheID: 232*) (*NotebookFileLineBreakTest NotebookFileLineBreakTest*) (*NotebookOptionsPosition[ 19431, 708]*) (*NotebookOutlinePosition[ 20490, 741]*) (* CellTagsIndexPosition[ 20446, 737]*) (*WindowFrame->Normal*) Notebook[{ Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[TextData[{ "L1 Introduction to ", StyleBox["Mathematica ", FontSlant->"Italic"], "(Part I)" }], "Subtitle", FontSize->16, FontWeight->"Bold"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[TextData[{ StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], StyleBox[" Basics"] }], "Subsubsection"], Cell[TextData[{ StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " is a so-called Computer Algebra System (CAS). It can do simple \ calculations, just like a calculator, but also symbolic manipulations, such \ as differentiating a function. The program consists of two parts:\n\t \ \[FilledSmallCircle] the ", StyleBox["front-end", FontWeight->"Bold"], " with the notebook interface\n\t \[FilledSmallCircle] the ", StyleBox["kernel", FontWeight->"Bold"], " which does the actual computations \n\nYou will interact mainly with the \ front-end part of ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " by typing", StyleBox[" ", FontSlant->"Italic"], "mathematical expressions and text into a notebook. To get started, launch \ ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], ". Usually, a new notebook will open automatically. If this is not the \ case, open a new notebook by selecting ", StyleBox["File \[RightArrow] New ", FontWeight->"Bold"], "from the menu.\n\nOnce you have the notebook available, you can start \ typing your input. As you enter an expression, a cell bracket will appear on \ the right side of the notebook. You will learn more about these cell brackets \ later, for now just ignore them. For example, to add 2 and 2, type\n\t\t\t\t\ \t \t 2+2\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\nTo get an answer from ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], ", you need to send this input to the kernel for evaluation. You do this by \ pressing the ", StyleBox["action key(s)", FontWeight->"Bold"], ". These are different for the various operating systems:\n\n\t \ \[FilledSmallCircle] Windows: \t\[ShiftKey] \[ReturnIndicator] \ (press Enter while holding down the Shift key)\n\t \ \[FilledSmallCircle] Macintosh:\tEnter or \[ShiftKey]\[ReturnKey]\t(press \ Enter on the numerical keypad or press Return \n\t \ while holding down the Shift key).\n\nWhen \ you use the action key(s), an ", StyleBox["In[#]:= ", FontWeight->"Bold"], "tag will appear in front of what you have typed. The answer will be \ displayed in a separate cell with a corresponding ", StyleBox["Out[#]=", FontWeight->"Bold"], " tag. The numbers in these tags show the order in which the various \ expressions were evaluated by the kernel. You should have seen the following \ two cells:" }], "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(2 + 2\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(4\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[TextData[{ "You may have been a bit surprised that it seemed to take ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " very long to determine that 2 + 2 = 4. This effect always happens with \ the first evaluation in a session, as the whole kernel has to be started up \ before any computation can take place. When you opened the notebook, only the \ front-end part of ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " was activated. You will see that subsequent computations will be much \ faster.\n\nThe In[#] tag has another important use - namely to tell you \ whether you did indeed send your input to the kernel. A common mistake is to \ press just the \[ReturnIndicator] or \[ReturnKey] key without the \[ShiftKey] \ key, which results only in the creation of a new line. Thus, if you do not \ see the In[#] tag, ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " does not know about your definitions, computations, etc. The same result, \ namely no In[#] tag and consequently no computation, can result when the \ notebook is not the active window. You may have pressed the correct action \ key(s), but if the notebook is not the active window, nothing happens. The \ active window can be detected as follows:\n\tWindows: \tthe top bar of the \ window or notebook is highlighted (colored, as opposed to gray)\n\tMacintosh: \ \tthe top bar of the window or notebook is striped (as opposed to gray).\n\t\ " }], "Text"] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[TextData[StyleBox["Some Examples"]], "Subsubsection"], Cell[TextData[{ StyleBox[ "You may have noticed a horizontal line below the output cell. This line \ indicates where a new cell will be created if you start typing. If you do not \ see this horizontal line, then anything you type will appear wherever the \ cursor is located. In this case, to start a new input cell, you can select "], StyleBox["Input \[RightArrow] Start New Cell Below", FontWeight->"Bold"], StyleBox[ " from the menu, or move the cursor to either a position between two cells \ or to the end of the notebook. At these locations, the cursor will change \ from a vertical bar to a horizontal bar. If you now click on the mouse \ button, a horizontal line will appear.\n\nStart a new cell and type "] }], "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[{ \(x = 2\), \(y = x + 3\)}], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(2\)], "Output"], Cell[BoxData[ \(5\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[TextData[StyleBox[ "This will assign a value of 2 to the symbol or name x. In the future, every \ time x is used, it will have the value 2. Thus, when evaluating the cell \ using the action keys, y should be assigned the value 5. Try it out - your \ result should look like this:"]], "Text"], Cell[BoxData[ \(2\)], "Output"], Cell[BoxData[ \(5\)], "Output"], Cell[TextData[{ StyleBox[ "There is one answer for each expression. First we get the result for the \ value of x, namely 2. Then the value of y is displayed, which is 5 as \ expected. \n\nSometimes you may want to assign a value to a variable, but do \ not want to see the result (as you know what it is). To suppress the output, \ type a "], StyleBox[";", FontWeight->"Bold"], StyleBox[" (semi-colon) after the input. "] }], "Text"], Cell[BoxData[ \(z = 5; \nx = 2 z; \)], "Input"], Cell[TextData[StyleBox[ "\nEvaluating the cell now produces no output. However, since the cell has an \ In[#] tag, we know that the assignments and computations were executed. You \ can check the value of the variable x by just typing its name, then \ evaluating the cell.\n"]], "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(x\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(10\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[TextData[StyleBox[ "\nNote that the new assignment, x = 2z, has over-written the previous \ assignment, x = 2. We can check which is the more recent assignment by \ looking at the numbers of the In[#] tag. The higher number indicates the more \ recent assignment.\n"]], "Text"] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[TextData[StyleBox["Basic Operations"]], "Subsubsection"], Cell["\<\ The basic operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and \ exponentiation. Here are some examples: \ \>", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(x + y\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(15\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(w - 3\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(\(-3\) + w\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[TextData[{ StyleBox["Note that since w has not yet been assigned a value, "], StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], StyleBox[ " returns the expression unevaluated. It changes the order to list numbers \ first, then symbols. Now let's look at multiplication:"] }], "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(3*4\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(12\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(2\ 5\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(10\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[TextData[{ StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " accepts * (\[ShiftKey]-8) or a blank for multiplication. If a number and \ a symbol are combined without a blank space inbetween, then the \ interpretation depends on the order:" }], "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(3 z\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(15\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(z3\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(z3\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[TextData[StyleBox[ "\nThe first expression is interpreted as 3*z, and since z = 5, the result is \ 15. However, the second expression, z3, is interpreted as a new name z3. \ Thus, it is better to always use * to make sure that the result is what you \ intended it to be. \n"]], "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[{ \(3*z\), \(z*3\)}], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(15\)], "Output"], Cell[BoxData[ \(15\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[TextData[StyleBox[ "Here we get the desired result 15 in both cases."]], "Text"], Cell[TextData[{ "\nDivision is fairly straightforward; however, ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " tries to display exact results. Thus, a fraction will not be converted to \ a numerical value unless you ask for it." }], "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(3/4\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(3\/4\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[TextData[StyleBox[ "\nTo get a numerical value for this fraction, you can use either of the \ following two methods:"]], "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(N[3/4]\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(0.75`\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(3/4\ // N\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(0.75`\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell["\<\ N stands for numerical value and is a built-in function. The form //N is a \ short form, where // stands for \"apply the function\". If you forget to use \ either form and want a numerical result after the fact, you can either edit \ the previous cell by adding //N, then evaluate the cell again, or you can \ type N[%], where % refers to the immediate previous output. \ \>", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(1/2\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(1\/2\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(N[%]\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(0.5`\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[TextData[ "The last basic operation is exponentiation. To enter an exponent, use the ^ \ (\[ShiftKey]-6) key."], "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(2^3\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(8\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(8^\((1/3)\)\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(2\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[TextData[{ "Be careful to use parentheses where necessary to group expressions, as ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " follows the rules about order of operations:" }], "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(8^1/3\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(8\/3\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[TextData[{ StyleBox["This expression is interpreted by "], StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], StyleBox[" as 8^1 (which is 8), divided by 3!!!"] }], "Text"] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[TextData[StyleBox["Built-in Constants"]], "Subsubsection"], Cell[TextData[{ StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " has many built-in constants. Here are some that you might encounter. Note \ that their names all start with a capital letter. They are also displayed as \ a symbol, not as a numerical constant. To get their numerical value (with 6 \ significant digits by default), use the function N[ ]. Here are some \ examples:\n\nThe quantity \[Pi], which shows up in the formulas for \ circumference and area of a circle, as well as in trigonometric functions:" }], "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(Pi\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(\[Pi]\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(N[Pi]\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(3.14159265358979311`\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[TextData[{ StyleBox["Euler's constant "], StyleBox["e", FontWeight->"Bold"], StyleBox[", which will play a prominent role in exponential functions:"] }], "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(E\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(E\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(N[E]\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(2.71828182845904509`\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[TextData[{ StyleBox["The constant "], StyleBox["i", FontSlant->"Italic"], StyleBox[", which is used to define complex numbers: "], StyleBox["i", FontSlant->"Italic"], StyleBox[" = "], StyleBox[Cell[BoxData[ \(TraditionalForm\`\@\(-1\)\)]]], StyleBox[". This constant may show up in some answers, as "], StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], StyleBox[ " computes answers over the set of complex numbers. This quantity does not \ have a numerical value."] }], "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(I\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(I\)], "Output"] }, Open ]] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[TextData[StyleBox["Built-in Functions"]], "Subsubsection"], Cell[TextData[{ StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], StyleBox[ " has many built-in functions. Their names all start with a capital letter, \ and if the name is made up from several words, each is capitalized (no \ spaces though). Note also that functions use square brackets, not \ parentheses as usual. Here are some examples:"] }], "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(Sqrt[2]\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(\@2\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[TextData[{ StyleBox["Again, the exact result is displayed, as "], StyleBox[Cell[BoxData[ \(TraditionalForm\`\@2\)]]], StyleBox[ " is a transcendental number (i.e., its decimal expansion does not \ terminate). The numerical value can be displayed using"] }], "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(N[%]\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(1.4142135623730951`\)], "Output"] }, Open ]] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[TextData[StyleBox["Asking Mathematica for Help"]], "Subsubsection"], Cell[TextData[{ "Each built-in function has a description on how to use it. This can be \ accessed by typing ?, followed by the function name. Be careful to use the \ exact spelling of the name, as ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " distinguishes between upper and lower case. For example, to find out how \ to use the square root function, type" }], "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(\(?Sqrt\)\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \("Sqrt[z] gives the square root of z."\)], "Print"] }, Open ]], Cell["\<\ This description tells us that we need one input, namely the expression of \ which we want to take the square root. Here is what happens if you are not \ careful about capitalization:\ \>", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(\(?sqrt\)\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(Information::"notfound" \( : \ \) "Symbol \!\(\"sqrt\"\) not found."\)], "Message"] }, Open ]], Cell[TextData[{ StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], StyleBox[ " will produce an error message, indicating that there is no such function. \ \n"] }], "Text"] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[TextData[{ StyleBox["Saving your Files and Closing "], StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"] }], "Subsubsection"], Cell[TextData[{ "As with other programs, it is wise to save often. You may save to a disk \ or to your space on the H drive. You save a file by selecting ", StyleBox["File \[Rule] Save ", FontWeight->"Bold"], "or by pressing \[ControlKey] S. The first time you save a notebook you \ will be prompted to indicate where to save the notebook and under what name \ it should be saved. Notebooks have the ending .nb.\n\nTo end your ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " session, close and save your notebook(s) by selecting ", StyleBox["File \[Rule] Close ", FontWeight->"Bold"], "from the menu or by using the system appropriate short-cuts indicated in \ the menus. You will be given the choices of not saving the notebook, \ canceling the request, or to save the notebook. Make the appropriate choice, \ then select ", StyleBox["File \[RightArrow] Exit ", FontWeight->"Bold"], "from the menu to close down ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], "." }], "Text"] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[TextData[StyleBox["Assignment"]], "Subsection"], Cell[TextData[StyleBox[ "\nBefore working on any of these problems, type the following command and \ evaluate the cell. This command will clear the symbol x from any values \ assigned to it previously."]], "Text"], Cell[BoxData[ \(Clear[x]\)], "Input"], Cell[TextData[{ "1. Compute the following quantities (give the numerical value if \ possible) and remember that e stands for Euler's constant, i.e., you need to \ use E. Also make sure to use parentheses when needed for grouping terms.\n\n\t\ a) ", Cell[BoxData[ \(TraditionalForm\`3\/4\)]], "\[Pi] \t\t b) ", Cell[BoxData[ \(TraditionalForm\`\@\(2\^5\)\%3\)]], "\t\tc) ", Cell[BoxData[ \(TraditionalForm\`e\^3\)]], " \t d) ", Cell[BoxData[ \(TraditionalForm\`\(1\/\(x + 3\)\[CenterDot]\)\)]], "5" }], "Text"], Cell[TextData[StyleBox[ "2. Assign the value 5 to the variable x, the value 3 to the variable y and \ then compute the product of the two numbers."]], "Text"] }, Open ]] }, Open ]] }, FrontEndVersion->"Microsoft Windows 3.0", ScreenRectangle->{{0, 800}, {0, 544}}, WindowSize->{514, 285}, WindowMargins->{{Automatic, 80}, {Automatic, 60}}, PrintingCopies->1, PrintingPageRange->{7, 7}, PageHeaders->{{Cell[ TextData[ "M-", { CounterBox[ "Page"]}], "PageNumber"], Inherited, Cell[ TextData[ "Silvia Heubach"], "Header"]}, {Cell[ TextData[ "Introduction to Modeling"], "Header"], Inherited, Cell[ TextData[ "M-", { CounterBox[ "Page"]}], "PageNumber"]}}, PrintingOptions->{"FacingPages"->True} ] (*********************************************************************** Cached data follows. If you edit this Notebook file directly, not using Mathematica, you must remove the line containing CacheID at the top of the file. 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